Tag: History

Traveling back to over 100 years before the first IBJJF World Championship or UFC, back to Kano Jigoro and his first Kodokan Academy. Kano had studied the many different styles of the Samurai art of Jujitsu and unified techniques under the concept of using momentum and leverage to defeat opponents with minimal effort. Kano called his art “the gentle way,” Judo.

This was just as Japan was moving to Westernize, and the art of Jujitsu was quickly falling out of favor, as the ways of the Samurai were being outlawed. Kano was very concerned that Judo would also be viewed as just another style of Jujitsu. The decision was made that one path that could protect Judo was to add a sport aspect to the martial art.

In 1884, the Kodokan held its first tournament. Called the “Red and White Contests,” it was organized by Kano who had both experience in Jujitsu matches and studied Western wrestling. He wrote the first set of competition rules, and their goal was to allow students to spar against each other while simulating a real situation. These first rules outlawed striking in their matches and put the focus entirely on grappling.

These original contests were best two out of three affairs, and a match could be won several different ways. Applying a submission hold and forcing an opponent to tap out was one way. Another was pinning an opponent’s back to the mat for two seconds, a time long enough to draw a knife in Kano’s estimation. The final way to achieve victory was with a perfect throw, or Ippon, in which an opponent landed on his back and hips.

Time limits were a matter of judgment by the referee who often let matches go until there was a clean victory or a fighter was too exhausted to continue.

The Red and White tournament became an annual tournament that continues to this day, making it the longest running single competitive sporting event in the world.

As Kano oversaw more Judo competitions he began to amend the rules to help prevent injuries. By 1916, he had outlawed joint locks targeting the fingers, wrists, ankles and knees and the dojime, a kidney compression from the closed guard. While outlawed in competition, it does not mean that these techniques were not taught, just now allowed in competitions.

Competition in Judo continued to spread as Kano and his students traveled the world demonstrating the art. Schools became established in Cuba, Europe and Brazil. He became a transcendent figure in Japanese sport and in 1909 he was named to the International Olympic Committee just before the fifth Olympic games. In 1932, Kano and several of his students were able to give a demonstration at the Los Angles Olympic Games, but it was not accepted as an official sport at this time.

During the early 1900s, Kano also firmly established the ranking system. Under Kano’s system, the journey from white to black belt is only the beginning. After receiving a black belt, a Judoka begins working their way up the Dan rankings. Wearing a black belt represents the first six Dan rankings, with seventh and eighth Dan Judoka’s wear white belts with vertical red stripes. A ninth Dan is allowed to wear a solid red belt.

The rank of 10th Dan is the greatest honor that a Judoka can be awarded and only 18 judokas have been awarded the rank with the official recognition of the International Judo Federation, 15 of them hail from Japan.

But sadly Kano would not live to see Judo’s greatest period of expansion. In May of 1938, on the eve of the single greatest conflict of the 20th century, the great Kano Jigro died of pneumonia at sea. Japan had already been at war with China for almost a year at this point, and their allies in Nazi Germany and fascist Italy were on the verge of launching offensives of their own.

The Second World War was defined by a staggering amount of death and destruction across the globe and was ended by the two atomic attacks on Japanese cities.

But Japan’s defeat was Judo’s victory. After the surrender of Japan, the United States Army occupied the islands with peacekeeping troops to oversee the rebuilding of Japan. These thousands of U.S. soldiers searched for ways to fill the hours of free time they had while they were off duty. Many began to wander into the many Judo and karate schools spread across the Japanese homeland. 

These soldiers would rotate home and bring with them the martial arts knowledge and many would go on to open schools. Judo exploded in the U.S. and across the globe during the 1950s and ’60s.

In 1964, the Summer Games came to Tokyo, Japan and Judo was accepted as full Olympic Sport. Seventy-two judokas from 27 nations came to the birthplace of Judo to compete for the title of Olympic Champion.

Japan won three out of the four gold medals in Judo:  Takehide Nattani (68 kg), Isao Okano (80kg) and Osao Inkuma (plus-80 kg). Anton Geesink of the Netherlands, future 10th Dan Judoka, would win gold in the Open Category.

Judo would go on to become one of the most popular summer games events.

Competition Judo’s focus would become more and more focused on scoring points via takedowns and throws. While groundwork was never the primary focus of the art, it became more and more downplayed as the sport looked to become more spectator-friendly.

Also,  as other nation’s Judo programs began to catch up with the Japanese programs, the Japanese administrators have slowly adjusted the rules to favor the more upright Japanese style over some of the more wrestling-like styles.

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Judo are sibling arts, both apply masterful technique in different aspects of grappling. Judokas are the savants of standing gi grappling, while Jiu-Jitsu players are masters on the mat. While many Jiu-Jitsu players are content with their groundwork skills, they must remember that the first master of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu was a Judo black belt.

The great masters of Judo should command every ounce of respect BJJ players give to greats like Rolyer Gracie, Roger Gracie or Robson Moura.

 

Sources:

Ohlenkamp, Neil. “Evolution of Judo Contest Rules.” The original Judo Information Site.

“The Judo Rank System — Belts.” The original Judo Information Site.

“Original Kodokan Judo (Kano Jujitsu) Contest Rules.” The original Judo Information Site.

Kano, Jigoro. “Jujutsu Becomes Judo.” The original Judo Information Site.

“05 Samurai Legacy.” Human Weapon. History Channel. 17 Aug. 2007. Television.

Other Articles in History of Jiu-Jitsu Series:

1. Birth on the Battlefield
2. The Meiji Era and the Evolution of Judo
3. Judo Travels the World and Maeda Meets Gracie
4. Baptism By Fire and Luta Livre
5. The Tragedy of Rolls Gracie
6. Coming to America and the Birth of the Ultimate Fighting Championship
7. The Gracies Leave the UFC and Bring Jiu Jitsu Back to Japan
8. Carlson Gracie, The Grandfather of Jiu Jitsu in MMA
9. The Rise of Sport Jiu Jitsu
10. Twist and Shout

11. Grappling Arts Begin To Blend in MMA

Read more MMA news on BleacherReport.com

In 1996, American-based Mixed Martial Arts was a quickly growing sport. While the Ultimate Fighting Championships (UFC) had been founded in the name of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, the defining martial art of American MMA was poised to challenge jiu-jitsu as the dominant grappling art.

While Dan Severn’s victory at UFC 5 gave wrestling some recognition, his strong background in Catch Wrestling left most fans considering him a “Submission Grappler.” Most fans’ memories, when wrestling was mentioned, thought of Gary Goodride’s epic knockout of Paul Hurrera, that is until Mark Coleman entered MMA. Coleman won his first six matches, claimed two UFC tournement titles and the first UFC Heavyweight title with the simple strategy of taking opponents down, pinning them to the mat and beating the tar out of them.

Wrestling was now seen as a legitimate martial art, and the floodgates had been thrown open. Wrestlers like Randy Couture, Kevin Randleman, Mark Kerr, Tito Ortiz and many more flocked to MMA and met a new generation of jiu-jitsu fighters in the cages of MMA and on the mats of countless grappling tournaments.

Wrestlers would discover the dangers of submissions and jiu-jitsu fighters would find top position would now be at a premium. While grappling arts would learn how to combat each other, at first, they remained jealously separated. Ken and Frank Shamrock’s Lions Den would be a haven of Shooto, while Mark Coleman and Kevin Randleman would hone their wrestling at Hammer House, and Brazilian Top Team would polish their no gi jiu-jitsu.

One of the first fighters to begin meshing grappling styles, Pat Miletich, would use his grappling prowess to become one of the first great champions in MMA. Miletich wrestled in high school and then began wrestling in junior college but had to drop out to help his mother pay medical bills. Miletich began training in karate while he was working where he first became aware of MMA. A friend took him to a Renzo Gracie seminar in Chicago, and Miletich became fascinated with Brazilian jiu jitsu. Miletch spent an entire year training in jiu-jitsu and then was convinced to fight MMA in 1995.

Now Miletich is hardly the first or only man to train jiu-jitsu with high school wrestling credentials and some JUCO mat time, but Miletich proved how much wrestlers could benefit from the addition of jiu-jitsu with 15 of his first 20 wins coming via submission. Miletich set up his own fight school, and one of his first students would become the most successful examples of blending wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu.

Matt Hughes was a two-time NJCAA All-American and a two-time NCAA D-I All-American wrestler in 1998 when he began fighting MMA. As MMA became Matt Hughes’ professional focus, he began training with Miletich. During his time with Miletich, Hughes became the most prolific submission artist in MMA using his powerful wrestling combined with jiu-jitsu positional dominance and submission holds.

The late 1990s and early 2000s saw many wrestlers beginning to enter MMA and add jiu-jitsu techniques with their wrestling. Jeff Monson, a Pac-10 wrestling champion at Oregon who had also trained in catch wrestling, began training at American Top Team in the early 2000s with Ricardo Liborio, a Carlson Graice black belt. Monson would prove to be a potent blend of power and diverse techniques and would go on to win four ADCC medals, become the first IBJJF Open Weight No Gi World Champion and introduce the MMA world to the North/South Choke.

In 2001, a young homeschooled wrestler with five pro MMA fights on his record received a scholarship to Cuesta College. Jake Shields knew the head of a MMA gym in the area, Cesar Gracie, and began training in his gym during the offseasons from wrestling.   Shields would spend almost no time training in the gi, and when he was given his purple belt, some in the Gracie family decried that the belt could not possibly be legitimate.

Shields responded by entering the Pan Ams and winning the gi divison in 2005. Later that year, Shields went to ADCCs and won bronze, submitting accomplished black belt Leonardo Santos in the process. Shields was awarded his black belt in 2007; the belt has not been disputed by the BJJ community.   The result is what Shields terms as American jiu-jitsu, combining his American folk wrestling background with Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and he has used it to great success in MMA.

While some wrestlers moved to add jiu-jitsu to their games, many others simply began to learn how to defeat it. In both MMA and grappling tournaments, wrestlers used their superior standing grappling to put jiu-jitsu fighters on their back and then learned how to pass guard without being submitted or swept.

Highly decorated wrestlers like Mark Kerr, Mark Coleman, Randy Couture, Matt Lindland, Mike van Arsdale and Dan Henderson, as well as some less decorated wrestlers like Chuck Liddell and Tito Ortiz, were just a few of the wrestlers who flooded into the sport.

This was trouble for the most devoted Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters because for much of the 1990s, top position had been very easy for them to attain. While most fans associate BJJ with submissions from the back, the art preaches that top position is to be valued, and the majority of offense in the art comes from the top position.  As wrestlers began to learn the MMA game, jiu-jitsu fighters found themselves working from their backs almost exclusively.

This influx of wrestlers forced all fighters to begin training jiu-jitsu to understand how to fight from off their back. While some fighters focused very hard on improving their jiu-jitsu, others trained very specific moves and positions towards one goal; be it sweep, submit or escape. While a purple belt level of grappling is almost required to enter the upper levels of a weight class, the majority of MMA fighters have somewhat watered down jiu-jitsu.

Top position fighters began to spend hours learning how to stay out of compromising positions and submissions making it increasing difficult to use the guard position effectively. Tito Ortiz made a championship run out of sitting in fighter’s guards and pounding them with elbows. Randy Couture began treating the half guard like it was the mount position.

Submissions from the guard became rarer and rarer at the top levels of MMA as fighters became very well-versed in basic submission prevention. As submissions from the back became the tools of only the most skilled BJJ players, most MMA fighters began to adjust their guard game to gear it towards standing back up. This shift has lead to some fighters in the late 2000s declaring the close guard all but dead.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters have had to adjust their approaches to MMA to find top position and submissions. Fighters with enough natural talent like Nick Diaz and Shinya Aoki simply became hyper-aggressive with their guard games.

Others turned to leg locks to gain an advantage over fighters who largely ignored those submissions, like Rousimar Palhares. Demain Maia prefers to use his excellent half guard, pulling fighters down into a deep half guard then immediately sweeping to top position. Meanwhile Ronald “Jacare” Souza has used his fantastic athleticism to incorporate high-level, free-style wrestling takedowns with his array of Judo-based takedowns to help him gain top position.

In the modern day of MMA fighters like Evan Duham and Phil Davis, they have not just blurred the line between wrestler and jiu-jitsu fighter, they have erased it all together. The distinction in MMA between the grappling arts is disappearing and ground work is quickly becoming simply “grappling.”  Some argue that MMA is watering down Brazilian jiu-jitsu, while others argue that it is closer to the art’s original purpose of self-defense than Sport jiu-jitsu.

While submissions have been becoming more difficult for fighters to achieve at the highest levels of MMA, the aspect of Brazilian jiu-jitsu that is still highly prevalent is the emphasis on positional grappling. Every fighter in MMA has to have knowledge and respect for the ground positions to hope to achieve any sort of success.

Sources:

IBJJF Results

JakeShields.com “Biography“

JeffMonson.com “About“

Cageside Seats Interview with Jeff Monson

MattHughes.com “Biography & Testimony“

Other Articles in History of Jiu-Jitsu Series:

1. Birth on the Battlefield
2. The Meiji Era and the Evolution of Judo
3. Judo Travels the World and Maeda Meets Gracie
4. Baptism By Fire and Luta Livre
5. The Tragedy of Rolls Gracie
6. Coming to America and the Birth of the Ultimate Fighting Championship
7. The Gracies Leave the UFC and Bring Jiu Jitsu Back to Japan
8. Carlson Gracie, The Grandfather of Jiu Jitsu in MMA
9. The Rise of Sport Jiu Jitsu
10. Twist and Shout

Read more MMA news on BleacherReport.com